Anatomical position

• Used as reference for positions on body - reduce ambiguity when identifying parts of the body, precision and accuracy
• Head forward, palms forward, feet pointing forward
  

Anterior/posterior

• Anterior (ventral) - front
• Posterior (dorsal) - back
  

Superior/inferior and medial/lateral

• Superior (cranial) - top (closer to head)
• Inferior (caudal) - bottom (closer to feet)
• Medial - close to centre
• Lateral - close to ends
  

Proximal/distal

• Proximal - closer to torso
• Distal - further from torso
  

Superficial/deep

• Superficial - on top
• Deep - beneath
  
• Yellow circle is said to be superficial to both red triangle and blue square
• Red triangle is said to be deep to yellow circle and superficial to blue square
• Blue square is said to be deep to both red triangle and yellow circle

Anatomical planes

• Split body into XYZ planes

Sagittal

• XZ plane
  
• Splits body into left and right halves

Transverse

• XY plane
  
• Splits body into top and bottom halves

Coronal

• YZ plane
  
• Splits body into front and back halves

Tissue types

Bone

• Hard, living tissue
• Structure of skeleton
• Compact and spongy bone

Ligament

• Attach bone to bone
• Connect other structures

Tendon

• Connective tissue
• Muscle to bone

Muscle

• Movement - relax and contract
• Direction of fibres - striations due to sarcomeres
• Skeletal and smooth muscle
• Bring bones closer or further apart

Nerves

• Control everything in body
• CNS and PNS
• Somatic (conscious) and Autonomic (unconscious)

Arteries

• Take blood away from heart
• High pressures
• Thick walls - smooth muscle and elastic fibres

Veins

• Take blood IN (this excludes the coronary arteries that supply the heart with oxygen) to the heart
• Low pressures
• Thin walls - valves

Skeleton

• Foundation for body
• Support soft tissues
• Protect organs
• Aids movement

Axial

• Skull, ribcage and spine
  

Appendicular

• Arms, legs and hip
  

Bones

• Flat - protective function (cranium)
• Long - limb bones (femur and humerus)
• Short - cuboids (ankle and wrist)
• Irregular - others (pelvis and vertebrae)
• Sesamoid - in tendons (patella)

Landmarks

• Holes, spaces or depressions - fossa, notch, foramen
• Lumps and bumps - crest, tubercle, spine

Joints

• Variable degrees of movement
• Fibrous - not very mobile, fibrous connection
• Cartilaginous - strong and slightly mobile, fibrocartilage
• Synovial - most mobile, most common

Synovial joint

• Cartilage covers joint surfaces
• Surrounded by joint capsule
• Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes

Types

Muscle

1. Must have at least 2 points of attachment
2. Points of attachment must cross a joint
3. How it crosses the joint determines the action

Somatic nervous system

• Voluntary control
• Afferent - take sensory signals away
• Efferent - send motor signals back

Movements of limbs

• Flexion - Bend in (cannonball position)

• Extension - Straighten/relax (CR7 position)
  

• As arm moves up - flexion

• As arm moves down - extension

• Abduction - take away from midline

• Adduction - take to midline (add)
  

• Arms out - abduction

• Arms return to sides - adduction

• Medial - turn inwards

• Lateral - turn outwards
  

• When leg rotated inwards - medial

• When leg rotated outwards - lateral

• Pronation - palm downwards

• Supination - palm upwards (supper, soup beg for food)
  

• Palm up - supination

• Palm rotate to face down - pronation

• Inversion - footsies face each other

• Eversion - footsies face away from each other
  

• Foot on pinkies - Inversion

• Foot on big toes - Eversion